Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust A Learned Behavior Essay

Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust: A Learned Behavior When thinking of Jewish persecution, images of Nazi Germany, concentration camps, and the Holocaust are most likely to be conjured. Although these images do represent the attempted destruction of the Jews, persecution actually began thousands of years earlier. The Holocaust, or Final Solution, which was the destruction of European Jews by the Nazis, was the culmination of attempts by other groups to eradicate Jews from their society.1 Reacting in many different ways to persecution, the Jewish sect has undergone years of harsh treatment, climaxing during the Holocaust. Jewish persecution did not begin in Europe with the onset of World War II; rather, anti-Semitism had existed for†¦show more content†¦This expulsion policy was later adopted by the Nazis, and remained the goal of all anti-Jewish activity until 1941.5 Obviously not the first to initiate anti-Jewish policies, the German Nazis began the era of annihilation, or the attempt to kill all European Jews. Adolf Hitler, the leader of the National Socialist Party in Germany, excluded Jews from the protection of German law by allowing Jewish property to be seized and Jews to be sent to concentration camps where they underwent forced labor, torture, and execution.6 Hitler’s anti-Jewish policy continued with the passing of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 for the protection of German blood and German honor.7 These laws resulted in Jews losing rights of citizenship and marriage to Aryans, the requirement that Jews carry special identification cards and give their children specific Jewish names, and the framing of the definition of a Jew for legal purposes. Through the Nuremberg Laws, Hitler was slowly taking away Jewish liberty and as a result, making it difficult for Jews to resist their annihilation, which unfolded with mass killings and cont inued until the end of World War II and the operation of death camps. Becoming apparent throughout the Nazis annihilation of Jews was that The Germans†¦were engaged in no random game of terror andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the beginning, society teaches us to respect and obey all rules given to us by authoritative figures. Through the schooling process, teachers reinforce this idea by giving students orders and expecting them to listen without question. We ve learned that disobedience connotes with â€Å"being bad† when this is not necessarily the case. Many adults today still carry these teaching into their adulthood. It is no wonder why leaders such as Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin easily manipulated the minds ofRead MoreGenocide: Inhumanity in Our World Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesrace and the Latin word ‘cide’ which translates to killing. 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Levi states, Nothing belongs to us any more; they have taken away our clothes, our shoes, even our hair; if we speak, they will n ot listen to us, and if they listen, they will notRead MoreEssay on Resilience Concept Analysis4569 Words   |  19 Pagesthe concept are found in literature looking at children who experienced adverse life situations and differentiating those that bounced back after the event and those who did not (Werner Smith, 1982). Other definitions stem from studies on human behavior and can be defined as the ability to overcome pain and transform the self (Greene, Galambos, Lee, 2003), or the capacity to maintain competent functioning in the face of major life stressors (Kaplan, 1996). Encarta (2007) defines resilience asRead MoreThe Boy, the Girl, the Fairy Captain, and the Hermits Essay2760 Words   |  12 Pages*LEADERSHIP ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MBA 610 Pr. Dan Yates, Ph.D Makhtar Sagna, MBA Candidate T HE B OY , T HE G IRL , T HE F ERRY C APTAIN , A ND THE H ERMITS Case 1 QUESTIONS 1. List in order the characters in this story that you like, from most to least. What values governed your choices? 2. Rate the characters on their level of moral development. Explain. 3. Evaluate each characters level of courage. Discuss. The Leadership Experience: University of Findlay Edition 9/23/2012

The Current System of Collegiate Athletics and the NCAA

The current system of collegiate athletics and the NCAA Meggyesy, David. Athletes In Big-time College Sport. society 37.3 (2000): 24-28. Print. The NCAA has become a revenue generator as college athletics have become a multi-billion dollar sports entertainment enterprise. The most prominent contradiction with the NCAA is that amateur rules are applied to the athletes, while the rules of the market apply to the university’s athletic departments. By classifying athletes as â€Å"amateur student athletes† the college athlete labor market does not fall under federal or state antitrust laws or state workers compensation laws. The NCAA member schools are allowed to set the wage for the student athlete and not give benefits to players who suffer injury. Due to the rewards being bestowed onto the NCAA member schools and not the student athletes who produce the product, this system can be described as exploitative. The student athlete receives an athletic scholarship with the intention that student athletes will receive a quality education for four years of athletic service. Though, the low graduation rates among the main revenue sports show that the university does not live up to end its end of the deal. Due to the rising tide of student athlete protests, the NCAA instituted Prop. 48, which changed the four year athletic scholarship to a one year renewable grant. This allowed the athletic departments and head coaches the ability to control a misbehaving player by terminating theirShow MoreRelatedOpinion Of Non-College Athletic Association821 Words   |  4 PagesOpinion: Non-College Athletic Association: Removing the C from the NCAA Intro In 2012, former Ohio State Buckeye and now current LA Rams quarterback, Cardale Jones, sent the college sports world a buzz with his infamous we came here to play FOOTBALL, we aint come to play SCHOOL tweet. In the weeks after, this tweet would ignite debates ranging from the amateur spirit of college sports-to the true purpose of athletics on campuses. One debate topic that always resurfaces every few monthsRead MoreThe National Collegiate Athletic Association1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe National Collegiate Athletic Association is a member-led organization that regulates the athletes of over 1,200 universities, conferences and organizations. The NCAA prides itself on dedicating themselves to the wellbeing and lifelong success of college athletes, believing and committing to core values and beliefs (NCAA). The NCAA’s main and most important task is to make sure that all students and institutions adhere to the extensive rules and regulations that the Association has created (Andrews)Read MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid For Their Athletic Participation?1663 Words   |  7 Pageswhether college athletes should be compensated for their athletic participation at universities. Under current NCAA policy, college athletes are compensated via scholarships. Scholarships are payments that are placed towards a student’s edu cation. These provide athlete’s food, board, and cover all education expenses. The NCAA provides approximately 1380,000 scholarships to Division I and II sports each year (US News).The majority of athletic scholarships must be renewed each year. In other wordsRead MoreFair Compensation For Student Athletes1554 Words   |  7 Pagesearly fall 2014 and this year’s NCAA collegiate sports season has taken off like a full court press. Dedicated fans of collegiate football and basketball will crowd into stadiums or huddle around their TV to proclaim their allegiance to a school of their choice. Regardless of their declarations, many fans and spectators will be pleased by the seasons end when only a handful of schools are declared the winners and able to clutch one of the prestigious and limited collegiate championship titles. 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Many athletes get a notice from the NCAA that they have been suspended from their sports’ season or several games of the season. This may shock some people to know that these athletes are being suspended for getting free food, rides, money for clothing, etc. There have been several court cases involving student-athlete scandals and many are wondering how to get to the bottom

The general election of 2002 †Voter apathy Free Essays

a) Political apathy is when the voters feel disillusioned by the current state of politics. They feel that there is no point in voting because their vote will have no impact. In areas of high Labour support a conservative voter may feel little point in voting because it will have no effect. We will write a custom essay sample on The general election of 2002 – Voter apathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that that person, while still interested in politics, feels that their vote will be worthless and that they can do nothing to change the system. Also as the political parties move closer together in ideologies this means that voters no longer see much of a difference in who they choose to vote for which means they don’t really feel the need to vote because it will make no difference and they don’t care who is in power because they don’t see that it affects them very much. On the very basic level this means that people may not be interested in politics at all. Less and less people watch the news each day, newspaper buying is in decline and the most popular programme is Eastenders. Programmes like Question time and other political debate programmes never get high ratings and this shows a continuing trend. People these days don’t care about the government, don’t feel that the government effects them, don’t see any difference in the government and so don’t really care who wins and this all boils down to Political apathy. b) No campaign differences Vote worthlessness Don’t like anyone Too busy for something which does not matter. One of the main reasons for low voter turnout could have been the fact that more and more people do not see a difference between the parties. Whilst Labour and the Conservatives claim to have different ideologies their methods of running the country do not vary a great deal. In fact many people do not really notice much of difference from the way the country was run pre-1997 and how it was run afterwards. New Labour is very different to old Labour and thus it occupies the same space as the Conservatives did. This means that people feel that it does not matter who wins the election because nothing really changes for them on a street level. When people feel like that they then see no point in voting. Another small factor could be that Labour supporters felt unhappy at the way labour had acted but could not bring themselves to vote for Conservatives so they decided not to vote at all out of principle. Perhaps the biggest factor is that people feel that there vote won’t make a difference. The problem with that is that they are correct. If there is a Labour supporter in a region which is a conservatives area then there is no point in that voting because the vote will not make a difference. That’s not just a myth, that is true and people know this. Why take the time and the trouble to vote when it will do nothing. Being armed with this knowledge will mean that people will not bother to vote because they know that 1 vote will not make a difference anywhere. One way to reverse this is to get everyone in England to vote for a party and not for a candidate, which means every vote would be used in getting a party elected. The parties would then be able to win a number of MP’s where then put into certain areas. Also in 2001, it is a fact that more people felt that they tough no one really represented what they wanted. This meant that they had no one to vote for and they did not want to vote for another party. This would mean that around 10% of the country had no one to vote for and that is a lot of votes that would not have been cast because of that. Another smaller factor is that people are busier and more stressed than ever these days. Many people may simply have not had had time to go to a polling booth to vote and coupled with the aforementioned facts, people may not have been that bothered to vote anyhow. But it is still true that people may just feel that they don’t have enough time to go and vote and so just stay away. One reason, which is similar to another reason, which has been mentioned, is that people did not vote because they were happy with the current govt. If people feel that the current govt. is doing a good job then they don’t feel the need to vote against it or to vote for it (the poll’s all said Labour were going to win anyway). People were happy with Labour and did not want anyone else so they did not feel the need to vote unlike other instances where people are very unhappy with the state that the country is in and vote to get a new party elected to make some changes. If people are happy with the current govt. then they will not waste voting because they don’t need to. How to cite The general election of 2002 – Voter apathy, Papers

Project Management Performance And Success -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Project Management Performance And Success? Answer: Introduction Managing of information technology projects has different approaches. It helps in the understanding of different processes that are involved in the information and technical project management processes, the methods used in its analyzing, and approaches employed to identify critical roles and stakeholders in the project. The building blocks of a project master plan and its importance in improving the success of information technology is also looked. A project framework is adapted to write a project master plan, for a simulated real-world contemporary information project is shown. The application of process groups model to manage information technology projects of various complexities and scale is made. Decision-making process and other aspects of the information and management technology is analyzed. Managing information and technology projects The major stages in the traditional approach is a step-by-step approach (Mir and Pinnington, 2014). Its stages are the initiation, planning, production or execution, monitoring and controlling, and closing. The success of the project greatly depends on the initiating stage. Understanding of the business environment is crucial and any deficiencies taken note of and a recommendation made. Activities that take place at this juncture I analyzing requirements of the firm, current operations, finance including a budget, stakeholders, project charter and the strength and weakness of the firm, the available opportunities, and threats. Planning of the project follows the initiation with the aim of accomplishing the set goals of the project. Details are set out on how to plan and scope statement is developed, followed by the selection of a planning team. Doable goals are set out, and a breakdown of work structure created. Activities to take place to achieve the feasible is then identified and organized in a sequence. Estimation of resource required, time and cost are also done then the schedule and budget developed. The risk is planned for, quality assurance measures designed and the program is presented for formal approval. In the execution process, the project management plan doable is executed through allocation and management of the available resources and budgets. At the monitoring and controlling stage, ongoing activities are put to measure. The current development and performance of the project are also measured. Issues and risks are corrected using the formulated corrective action and only approved changes implemented. At the project controlling stage, the progress of the project is tracked. It is ensured to be within the time frame allocated, and the budget. Finally, the closing stage consists the formal acceptance of the project. The contract is closed together with the project. Agile approach The agile approach is flexible and efficient and has its framework. The first framework is scrum that is based upon systematic interactions. It involves roles, sprints, and artifacts. Any obstacle that may prevent the efficient working of the team is eliminated by scrum master who is one of the major systematic interaction functions (Schwalble, 2015). Another role is played by the product owner. He can either be a customer or stakeholder and has an active involvement in every stage of the project. He is expected to give feedback on every job done on the project. The scrum team plays the role of product implementation and consists of up to 7 team members. Sprint is the core unit of work in the scrum and should be a maximum of four weeks for easier planning and tracking of progress. The three top artifacts are the product backlog, sprint backlog and sprint burn down the chart. Extreme programming (XP) in agile approach practices test-driven developments where tests are used to capture any defect of codes in software thus ensuring high-quality products at the end of the project. Agile also uses continuous integration (CI) to eliminate integration issues in projects enabling a rapid deployment of the final products. Pair programming is another of agile practices that are considered controversial this practice spreads the knowledge of the project across team members. Lifecycles In the agile process flow consists of concept, inception, construction, release, production, and retirement. Concepts are first envisioned and prioritized. At beginning team members are then identified, funds allocated and a discussion on requirements made. Working software is delivered based on iteration requirements at the construction stage by developing team members. The final release of iteration into products then follows. Production continues to undergo afterward and at the retirement comes to the end-of-life activities, customer migration and notification is included.The traditional life cycle is a step-by-step process and consists of initiation, planning, execution, performance, and closing of the project. Identifying critical roles and stakeholders In employing system thinking approach, the situation is first defined and consideration of whether the method is applicable. Behavioral patterns are then developed, and the underlying structure evolved then simulated. Leverage points are then identified and an alternative structure formed. Simulation of the alternative structure follows, and an adoption approach developed. Crucial roles In the information and technology projects, critical parts can be identified by employing a system thinking approach. The role of a project manager is one of these functions. The manager identifies projects and deals with them. He also analyzes the goals of the project and formulates ways to achieve the said goals. Project performance is also analyzed by the project manager and its day-to-day development. The project manager is the one to close the project and put into the record the lessons learned from the project. Another role is the role of a team leader. He is the one who initiates projections by actually putting words into action for goals to be achieved. The team leader acts as a model by using his behavior to shape others such as observing of time. Negotiations for the project provides is done by the team leader and serves as a listener to the employees. He coaches team members by encouraging them to maximize their potential. A team leader also partakes in work. A team member is a crucial role, and there is a criterion of one intending to be a team member (Fleming and Koppelman, 2016). Technical skills of the person are taken into consideration, their problem-solving skills, interpersonal skills, and organizational skills. Stakeholders They are individuals who are actively involved in projects or have something to lose if the projects fail. The top management is a stakeholder and may consist of companys president, vice-president, directors and division managers. The project team is also a stakeholder. It consists of people working on the project on a part-time basis. Project management plan The first element is the scope management; it helps with the description of what is essential in the project and what should be out. The main products of the project are specified and stipulate a way to measure the performance of the project. Scheduling is the second component. Its contents include precedence diagrams, resource histograms, Gantt charts and project life cycle and they help in showing the key deliverables of a project. The third component is resource management. Every product should have an assignee who takes it responsibility. The project hierarchy is established, the delegation of authority done, and role descriptions made. Lastly, is the budgeting and cost management component. Estimation of cost and budgeting is done and agreed upon. Importance of improving IT project success Project master plan ensures that the end product is part of what was set out in the goals of the project as a method is defined and chaos organized. Delays and overrunning of costs are avoided by project plans as a schedule and plan are established. When people come together in projects, ideas are shared, and inspiration is offered to one another enforcing and encouraging teamwork. Resources are maximized as project plans ensure that resources are used efficiently and economically. Contemporary information technology project Project management plan using a Scrum framework, the project will be estimated to take one hundred and twenty days. A day is dedicated to planning the projects development begins. Meetings are then held daily to check on the progress and factors such as what is completed, what is yet to be completed and the challenges faced in the completion. Project schedule WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish Resource Names 0 Implementation of technology building project 110 days Wed 6/7/17 Tue 11/7/17 1 Starting the project plan 21 days Wed 6/7/17 Wed 7/5/17 1.1 Formation of project steering committee 2 days Wed 6/7/17 Thu 6/8/17 Project Manager, Supporter 1.2 Communicate with other software developers 1 day Wed 6/7/17 Wed 6/7/17 Project Manager, Promoter, Supporter 1.3 Plan the business case 2 days Thu 6/8/17 Fri 6/9/17 Project Manager 1.4 Examine the business case 3 days Mon 6/12/17 Wed 6/14/17 Project Manager 1.5 Identify and meet with the stakeholders 4 days Thu 6/15/17 Tue 6/20/17 1.5.1 Create stakeholder register 4 days Thu 6/15/17 Tue 6/20/17 Marketing consultant, Project Manager 1.6 Define project deliverables 2 days Wed 6/21/17 Thu 6/22/17 Chief information officer, Marketing consultant, Project Manager 1.7 Creation of schedule and budget 3 days Fri 6/23/17 Tue 6/27/17 Chief information officer, Project Manager 1.8 Complete the project charter draft 1 day Wed 6/28/17 Wed 6/28/17 Project Manager 1.9 Finalize the project charter 3 days Thu 6/29/17 Mon 7/3/17 Chief information officer 1.10 Kick off meeting 2 days Tue 7/4/17 Wed 7/5/17 Project Manager 2 Organizing and preparing the project plan 31 days Thu 7/6/17 Thu 8/17/17 2.1 Identification of project risks 19 days Thu 7/6/17 Tue 8/1/17 2.1.1 Risk related meeting 10 days Thu 7/6/17 Wed 7/19/17 Project Manager 2.1.2 Discuss procedural, scope, schedule, cost and management issues 9 days Thu 7/20/17 Tue 8/1/17 Project Manager, technology consultant, 2.2 Recruitment of human resources 5 days Wed 8/2/17 Tue 8/8/17 2.2.1 Hiring of technology specialists and programmers 1 day Wed 8/2/17 Wed 8/2/17 technology consultant 2.2.2 Merger of technology specialists and programmers 1 day Thu 8/3/17 Thu 8/3/17 technology consultant, Marketing consultant 2.2.3 Hiring of information and technology consultant and advertising consultant 1 day Fri 8/4/17 Fri 8/4/17 Project Manager, Marketing consultant 2.2.4 Hiring of programing consultant 2 days Mon 8/7/17 Tue 8/8/17 Project Manager 2.3 Discussion of form of contract 7 days Wed 8/9/17 Thu 8/17/17 Consultant 3 Carrying out the project plan 50 days Fri 8/18/17 Thu 10/26/17 3.1 Identification of project methods 30 days Fri 8/18/17 Thu 9/28/17 3.1.1 Discuss the suitability of agile SCRUM 8 days Fri 8/18/17 Tue 8/29/17 Consultant, Developer ,Project Manager 3.1.2 SDLC based waterfall model 12 days Wed 8/30/17 Thu 9/14/17 Developer ,Project Manager 3.1.3 Problem solving strategy for conflict solution 10 days Fri 9/15/17 Thu 9/28/17 Chief information officer, Consultant, Developer ,Marketing consultant 3.2 Update charter 8 days Fri 9/29/17 Tue 10/10/17 Project Manager, Promoter, Supporter 3.3 Formalize of contract 5 days Wed 10/11/17 Tue 10/17/17 Project Manager 3.4 Hold meeting with manager and consultant 7 days Wed 10/18/17 Thu 10/26/17 Consultant, Project Manager 4 Finishing the project plan 8 days Fri 10/27/17 Tue 11/7/17 4.1 Acceptance of project deliverables 2 days Fri 10/27/17 Mon 10/30/17 Consultant, Project Manager 4.2 Finalizing the lessons learned 1 day Tue 10/31/17 Tue 10/31/17 Chief information officer, Consultant, Project Manager 4.3 Project report 2 days Wed 11/1/17 Thu 11/2/17 Project Manager 4.4 Update as well as archive of documents 1 day Fri 11/3/17 Fri 11/3/17 Project Manager 4.5 Project closure document 2 days Mon 11/6/17 Tue 11/7/17 Project Manager WBS Task Name Duration Start Finish Resource Names 0 Implementation of information and technology project 110 days Wed 6/7/17 Tue 11/7/17 Project activities cost WBS Task Name Duration Resource Names Cost 0 Implementation of information and technology project 110 days $555,000.00 1 Starting the project plan 21 days $104,480.00 1.1 Formation of project steering committee 2 days Project Manager, Supporter $9,440.00 1.2 Communicate with other software developers 1 day Project Manager, Promoter, Supporter $5,920.00 1.3 Plan the business case 2 days Project Manager $6,400.00 1.4 Examine the business case 3 days Project Manager $9,600.00 1.5 Identify and meet with the stakeholders 4 days $17,600.00 1.5.1 Create stakeholder register 4 days Marketing consultant, Project Manager $17,600.00 1.6 Define project deliverables 2 days Chief information officer, Marketing consultant, Project Manager $15,680.00 1.7 Creation of schedule and budget 3 days Chief information officer, Project Manager $19,920.00 1.8 Complete the project charter draft 1 day Project Manager $3,200.00 1.9 Finalize the project charter 3 days Chief information officer $10,320.00 1.10 Kick off meeting 2 days Project Manager $6,400.00 2 Organizing and preparing the project plan 31 days $116,520.00 2.1 Identification of project risks 19 days $84,520.00 2.1.1 Risk related meeting 10 days Project Manager $32,000.00 2.1.2 Discuss procedural, scope, schedule, cost and management issues 9 days Project Manager, Architectural consultant, DBA consultant $52,520.00 2.2 Recruitment of human resources 5 days $20,800.00 2.2.1 Hiring of technology specialists and programmers 1 day Technology consultant, programming consultant $4,400.00 2.2.2 Merger of technology specialists and programmers 1 day Technology consultant, programming consultant, Marketing consultant $5,600.00 2.2.3 Hiring of technology consultant and advertising consultant 1 day Project Manager, Marketing consultant $4,400.00 2.2.4 Hiring of DBA 2 days Project Manager $6,400.00 2.3 Discussion of form of contract 7 days Consultant $11,200.00 3 Carrying out the project plan 50 days $300,160.00 3.1 Identification of project methods 30 days $203,200.00 3.1.1 Discuss the suitability of agile SCRUM 8 days Consultant, Developer ,Project Manager $51,200.00 3.1.2 SDLC based waterfall model 12 days Developer ,Project Manager $57,600.00 3.1.3 Problem solving strategy for conflict solution 10 days Chief information officer, Consultant, programming consultant, Developer ,Marketing consultant $94,400.00 3.2 Update charter 8 days Project Manager, Promoter, Supporter $47,360.00 3.3 Formalize of contract 5 days Project Manager $16,000.00 3.4 Hold meeting with Mick and Tim 7 days Consultant, Project Manager $33,600.00 4 Finishing the project plan 8 days $33,840.00 4.1 Acceptance of project deliverables 2 days Consultant, Project Manager $9,600.00 4.2 Finalizing the lessons learned 1 day Chief information officer, Consultant, Project Manager $8,240.00 4.3 Project report 2 days Project Manager $6,400.00 4.4 Update as well as archive of documents 1 day Project Manager $3,200.00 4.5 Project closure document 2 days Project Manager $6,400.00 WBS Task Name Duration Resource Names Cost 0 Implementation of information and technology project 110 days $555,000.00 Resource cost Resource Name Type Std. Rate Project Manager Work $400.00/hr. Developer Work $200.00/hr. Technology consultant Work $150.00/hr. Marketing consultant Work $150.00/hr. Programmer Work $200.00/hr. Promoter Work $150.00/hr. Supporter Work $190.00/hr. Chief information officer Work $430.00/hr. Consultant Work $200.00/hr. Application of process group models In the group types, possible performance plus process gains and losses result to actual performance. In considering the process increases, one establishes a new way to motivate workers; new technologies are developed, improvement of information systems resulting in improved coordination and communication. Information, ideas, direction, and opinion is also gained together with improved leadership. Process losses include problems in the coordination and reporting, the motivation of workers, lack of new information, ideas or opinions and a problematic system of administration. At the social facilitation in process group models, the presence of others leads to arousal which then determines the performance level. The performance level is said to be impaired if the task carried out is not familiar or is very difficult. On the other hand, performance level can be said to have improved if the function is similar or is very easy. The social loafing group is where there is a tendency of performance to put little or no effort while working in groups. A large number of people doing a task does not mean that the task is being done faster than one person. Conformity occurs when individuals are influenced by groups and end up changing their behavior to match that of the group for compliance to obtain a reward from the group or to avoid costs. High-performance teams are created by members. Resistant people are avoided in the team during placement by considering selecting people with skills and experience. Considering the situation is crucial, goals are clarified, and members undergo intense training. The individual reward is linked to team performance by use of appropriate measures. Members are influenced by the group by encouraged communication, cooperation, and participation. Decision-making process. In solving a range of information technology project issues, the first step is to identify the decision. In the identification of the decision, the technological problem is recognized and decided on addressing it. A determination is then made on why this decision will make a difference in the project. The next step is to gather information on the computer to enable the making of decisions based on facts and data. Only relevant information should be picked and value judgment made (Larson and Grey, 2013). After identifying the issue and its decision, a project manager may seek potential causes of the problem, the individuals involved in the matter not leaving the processes participating in the case. Constraints on the decision-making process are also determined. Identifying of various possible solutions to the issue established is done after one has a clear understanding of the problem. The consideration of alternatives at your disposal helps in the determination of the best cause of action to achieve your goals. The next step will be to weigh the evidence. This process contributes to determining which alternative is best by evaluating for feasibility, acceptability, and desirability. The pros and cons of the decision are considered, and the choice with the highest chance of success is considered. When a time to make a decision comes, the alternatives is where one of the options is chosen. One should be well informed of the pros and cons of the preferred option and its potential risks. The next step is taking action. Here, a plan is created for implementation (Kerzner, 2013). Required resources are identified, and the support of employees and stakeholders sought so that the scheme can be efficiently executed. Arising questions and concerns from the staff and interested parties are then addressed. Reviewing of the decision is done as the last step in the decision-making process. It involves evaluating the effectiveness of the decision and recommending on what can be done in future to improve on the decision. Current issues in IT project management. Firstly is the lack of project mandate in the information and technology project management. The lack of missions and objectives makes the recovering of an at-risk project to improve. Providing an order in a blueprint form for your program is advisable. The mandate should contain business case, project justification, and high-level requirement and success criteria. It should be communicated to every person who is concerned about the project and put into writing with an approved budget as it affects every critical decision on the project. Secondly, unclear expectations is an issue. Even with a mandate at hand, when there is no detail gathering and expectations of stakeholders in an IT project, it becomes an issue. Such details should be put into writing for further references (Fryer, Antony and Douglas, 2015). Thirdly, poor communication between IT and the business. Managing projects is challenging, managers should ensure that miscommunication in the project does not end up derailing their efforts. Both internal and external communications should be well established. Lastly, lack of user input is an issue. Many IT projects are involved with the transformation of business processes (Barke, 2013). Managers should aim to update users on the progress of the project to make the process smoother as end users work with project deliverables. Importance in solving IT problems Adequate disclosure in information and technology management plan is necessary for solving problems because it is through communication that the goals of a project are articulated. Without goals, a project will have problems associated with poor performance and time wastage. After articulation of project goals, better expectations are set on how the goals will be met through communication (Alias, Zawawi, Yousouf and Aris, 2014). When this is done, then the problem of poor performing projects is avoided. Communication also helps in the formulation of a project process that works for everybody. The problem of underperformance and unproductivity of workers is solved. It is through communication that task dependencies and how they will be met are discussed. Effective communication also helps in the communication of risks and issues and how they can be solved (Wilhinson, 2016). In projects, communication helps in the understanding of one anothers roles and everyones impact on the project. It further helps in the building of a strong bond within the team members of a project. Furthermore, communication promotes individuals working on projects to enjoy their jobs. Significance of Software quality in projects Ensuring high software quality in projects is important (Srimath, Dinesh and Suthuraman, 2017). Defective software in projects causes an effect to the bottom-line and leads to financial losses. Defective software can also delay the launching of projects because work on the product will be repeated. Fixing a faulty software is costly and causes incurring of unplanned for excessive costs to the project. Conclusion In conclusion, many aspects need to be considered in information and technology project management. Every aspect of the project is crucial for the project to achieve the goals it has set out. Proper procedures and systems should be adhered to when carrying out of projects. The planning of the project is the key essential to achieving desired results in a project. Lastly, communication should be effective in the project to improve on the results of the project. References Alias, Z., Zawawi, E. M. A., Yusof, K., Aris, N. M. (2014). Determining critical success factors of project management practice: A conceptual framework. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 61 Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Fryer, K. J., Antony, J., Douglas, A. (2015). Critical Success Factors of Continuous Improvement in the Public Sector: A review of literature and some key findings.-69. Kerzner, H. (2013). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. 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